> Habitat & Distribution

Goodrich (1940) gave that the range of P. laqueata (in its strict sense) as the Green River and tributaries in Kentucky, tributaries of the Cumberland River in Middle Tennessee, the Duck River and branches, and "tributaries of Tennessee River in Tennessee and Alabama."  Our modern surveys would expand that range slightly, to include upper tributaries of the Kentucky River.  We would also clarify that P. laqueata does not range upstream in the Tennessee drainage east beyond the vicinity of Chattanooga.

The complete absence of P. laqueata from East Tennessee is one of the most striking results of our entire FWGTN survey.  One would think that a freshwater snail ranging 400 km from the middle of Kentucky to North Alabama and 300 km from Paducah to Chattanooga could easily hop Walden Ridge.  Might the distribution of Pleurocera laqueata offer us a clue to the orogeny of the Appalachians?  

Throughout this striking range, P. laqueata laqueata populations primarily inhabit rocky riffles in small to moderate-sized rivers and streams.  Considered together with its big-river form P. laqueata alveare and hybrid P. laqueata castanea, its FWGNA incidence rank is I-5.

> Ecology & Life History

Grazing by populations of pleurocerids can have a significant effect on energy flow in small streams (Dillon 2000: 86 - 91, see also Dillon & Davis 1991).

Like other pleurocerids, P. laqueata is dioecious, eggs being deposited on hard substrates from spring to mid-summer.  Eggs are spirally arranged in masses of 2-15 or more, with a tough, membranous outer covering to which sand grains typically adhere (Smith 1980, Jokinen 1992). Although we are unaware of any study specifically directed toward the life history of P. laqueata, it seems reasonable to expect that two years will be required for maturity, and that several years of iteroparous reproduction can be expected thereafter, as is the case for pleurocerids generally (Dazo 1965). This is life cycle Hi of Dillon (2000: 156 - 162).

> Taxonomy & Systematics

This is another North American pleurocerid species demonstrating protean variability in shell morphology, named and re-named dozens of times in the nineteenth and early twentieth centuries.  Goodrich (1940) recognized ten valid species and six valid subspecies in his “group of Goniobasis laqueata,” along with no fewer than 55 synonyms.   See my essay of 18Sept24 from the link below for a nice photo of intrapopulation variation in shell plication.

More recently it has become clear that the distinction Goodrich and all previous authorities made between the former genera Pleurocera and Goniobasis (or "Elimia") is due to cryptic phenotypic plasticity (Dillon 2011, 2014; Dillon et al. 2013).  This has led to the realization that populations previously identified as "Pleurocera alveare" are likely downstream ecophenotypic morphs of P. laqueata.  See my essays of 23Mar11 and 8Aug18 from the links below for more.

There is also evidence that populations of P. laqueata hybridize with P. simplex, yielding populations identified as P. laqueata castanea, and P. troostiana, yielding a wealth of shell variants with striations as well as plications.  We have suggested that Isaac Lea's (1838ish) nomen troostiana (with several subspecies) be applied to populations bearing shells with any degree of striation, leaving Thomas Say's (1829) nomen laqueata for populations bearing shells entirely unstriate.  See my essays of 15Oct24 and 12Nov24 from the links below for more.

> Maps and Supplementary Resources

• Pleurocera laqueata in the drainage of The Ohio (2019)
• Distribution in the Tennessee/Cumberland (2022)

• Living Pleurocera laqueata, courtesy of Chris Lukhaup.
  
  

Shell morphological variation in P. laqueata. (A) Historic specimen of P. laqueata alveare from Kentucky.  (B) P. laqueata alveare from Dale Hollow Lake, TN.  (C) P. laqueata laqueata from the Duck River, TN.  (D) P. laqueata laqueata from the Nolin River, KY. (E) Hybrid P. laqueata castanea from Robertson Co, TN.

> Essays

• Taxonomic controversy has surrounded the generic nomina Pleurocera, Goniobasis, and Elimia for many years.  The best entry into the subject would be my essay of 23Mar11, entitled Goodbye Goniobasis, Farewell Elimia.  Links are available from that essay to older resources.
• I reviewed the evidence that P. alveare may be a downstream ecophenotypic morph of P. laqueata in my essay of 8Aug18,  Pleurocera alveare: Another case of CPP?
• In my essay of 18Sept24 I restricted The Type Locality of Melania laqueata to Browns Creek in Nashville, TN.  That essay also includes a nice figure illustrating intrapopulation variance in shell plication.
• See my essay of 15Oct24 for shell morphometric evidence of Widespread hybridization between P. laqueata and P. troostiana in streams of the Tennessee/Cumberland.  
• And in my follow-up essay of 12Nov24, I generalized evidence of hybridization between populations of P. laqueata and both P. troostiana and P. simplex to suggest Reticulate evolution in the North American Pleuroceridae.  That November essay also featured additional systematic, taxonomic, and biological backround about P. laqueata castanea.

> References

Dazo, B. C.  (1965) The morphology and natural history of Pleurocera acuta and Goniobasis livescens (Gastropoda: Cerithiacea: Pleuroceridae). Malacologia 3: 1 - 80. 
Dillon, R. T., Jr. (2000)  The Ecology of Freshwater Molluscs. Cambridge, Cambridge University Press.  509 pp. 
Dillon, R. T., Jr. (2011)  Robust shell phenotype is a local response to stream size in the genus Pleurocera.  Malacologia 53: 265-277.  [pdf]
Dillon, R. T., Jr.  (2014) Cryptic phenotypic plasticity in populations of the North American freshwater gastropod, Pleurocera semicarinata.  Zoological Studies 53:31. [html] [pdf]
Dillon, R. T. Jr., & K. B. Davis (1991)  The diatoms ingested by freshwater snails: temporal, spatial, and interspecific variation. Hydrobiologia 210: 233-242. 
Dillon, R. T., Jr., S. J. Jacquemin & M. Pyron (2013) Cryptic phenotypic plasticity in populations of the freshwater prosobranch snail, Pleurocera canaliculata.  Hydrobiologia 709: 117-127. [html] [pdf]
Goodrich, C. (1940) The Pleuroceridae of the Ohio River drainage system.  Occas. Pprs. Mus. Zool. Univ. Mich., 417: 1-21.
Jokinen, E.H. (1992) The freshwater snails of New York State. New York State Museum Biological Survey, New York State Museum Bulletin 482.
Smith, D.G.  (1980) Goniobasis virginica (Gastropoda: Pleuroceridae) in the Connecticut River USA. Nautilus 94:50-54.